Observation of water vapor greenhouse absorption over
the Gulf of Mexico using aircraft and satellite data
D. Marsden and F.P.J. Valero
J. Atmos. Sci., 61(6),
745-753, 15 March 2004.
Through its interaction with radiation, water vapor provides an important link between the
ocean and atmosphere. One way this occurs is through the greenhouse effect, and here we
report on observations of water vapor greenhouse absorption in the Gulf of Mexico during
the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers - Florida Area Cirrus
Experiment during July 2002. The quantity dGa/dTs is the change in the amount of upwelling
infrared flux absorbed by water vapor as the sea surface temperature increases, and
therefore parameterizes the strength of the evaporative feedback between the ocean and
atmosphere. Using hemispherical (IRBR) and narrow field of view (NFOV) radiometers aboard
a NASA ER-2 aircraft, we have measured dGa/dTs during flights on July 9 and July 26 marked
by large scale convective and quiescent conditions, respectively. Using the NFOV over the
wavelength range 4-40 microns, we measured dGa/dTs=13.4 +/- 1.0 W/m^2/K on July 9, while
on July 26 we measured dGa/dTs= 9.7 +/- 0.3 W/m^2/K. NFOV measurement of dGa/dTs in the 8-12
micron wavelength range yielded values of ~2.5 W/m^2/K for both days, indicating that most
of the change in greenhouse absorption with increasing ocean temperature occurs in the
rotational and vibrational spectral regions of water vapor. IRBR measurements yielded
higher values of dGa/dTs on both days, but were likely affected by cold clouds in the
hemispherical radiometer field of view. These results support the link between greenhouse
efficiency, mid to upper tropospheric water vapor concentration, and convection.